2010-2

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摘要

由于广泛和系统的研究大大提高了生物农药的效率，最近几年生物农药倍受欢迎。世界各地一些研究中心正在研究旨在扩大生物农药适用范围的技术方法，从而可以提高生物农药生产和使用的商业可行性。

Executive Summary

The popularity of biopesticides has increased substantially in recent years, as extensive and systematic research has enhanced their effectiveness. A number of research centers around the world are undertaking research aimed at improving techniques for the augmentation and application of biopesticides, with the objective of improving the commercial feasibility of producing and using biopesticides.

Under these circumstances, there is need for current and comprehensive reports on biopesticides covering aspects of technology, demand trends, project opportunities, and investment levels.

This study examines the worldwide commercial applications of biopesticides and their markets and growth opportunities. This study also looks into the extent of market penetration of a number of biopesticides that have been recently introduced.

This study gives a clear, quantitative picture of the supply and demand scenario and highlights the technological and investment opportunities in the field.

Table of Contents and List of Figures

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY .............................................................. 1
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................. 2
SCOPE OF REPORT .......................................................................................... 2
METHODOLOGIES AND INFORMATION SOURCES ................................... 2
ANALYST CREDENTIALS ................................................................................ 3
RELATED BCC REPORTS ................................................................................ 3
BCC ONLINE SERVICES .................................................................................. 3
DISCLAIMER ..................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY ...................................................................................... 4
SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 4
SUMMARY TABLE PROJECTED GLOBAL PESTICIDE MARKET BY
SEGMENT, THROUGH 2014 ($ BILLIONS) ................................................... 5
SUMMARY FIGURE PROJECTED GLOBAL PESTICIDE MARKET BY
SEGMENT, 2008-2014 ($ BILLIONS) ............................................................... 5
CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW ................................................................................ 6
WHAT ARE BIOPESTICIDES? ......................................................................... 6
IPM ...................................................................................................................... 6
ROLE OF BIOPESTICIDES IN IPM ...................................................... 7
PROMOTING IPM ................................................................................... 7
IMPLEMENTING IPM ............................................................................ 8
ADVANTAGES OF BIOPESTICIDES ............................................................... 9
TABLE 1 BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES VERSUS CHEMICAL
PESTICIDES ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ................................ 10
CLASSIFICATION OF BIOPESTICIDES ....................................................... 10
TABLE 2 SELECTED BIOPESTICIDES/BIOCONTROL AGENTS IN
COMMERCIAL USE, 2009 ............................................................................... 11
MICROBIAL BIOPESTICIDES ............................................................ 11
Bt ................................................................................................. 11
Application Methods ......................................................... 12
Bs ................................................................................................. 12
Application Methods ......................................................... 12
P. Fluorescence ............................................................................ 12
Application Methods ......................................................... 13
Heliothis NPV .............................................................................. 13
Application Methods ......................................................... 13
Trichoderma (Trichoderma Viride/Harzianum) ......................... 13
Application Methods ......................................................... 14
Beauveria Bassiana ..................................................................... 14
Application Methods ......................................................... 14
T. Parasitoid ................................................................................ 15
Application Methods ......................................................... 15
H. Bacteriophora .......................................................................... 15
Application Methods ......................................................... 15
BIOPESTICIDE DEVELOPMENT .................................................................. 16
TABLE 3 TIMELINE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS IN BIOPESTICIDE
DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................... 16
TABLE 3 (CONTINUED) ........................................................................................ 17
TABLE 3 (CONTINUED) ........................................................................................ 18
TABLE 3 (CONTINUED) ........................................................................................ 19
END USERS ...................................................................................................... 19
THE IDEAL PESTICIDE ....................................................................... 19
IMPACT ON COST OF PRODUCTION ................................................ 20
CHAPTER FOUR: ORGANIC FARMING AND THE MARKET FOR
PRODUCTS ............................................................................................................ 21
GLOBAL ORGANIC FARMING AREAS .............................................. 21
TABLE 4 ORGANIC FARMING AREA BY MAJOR COUNTRIES, 2005*
(HA) ..................................................................................................................... 22
TABLE 5 AREAS UNDER ORGANIC CULTIVATION IN PERCENT OF
TOTAL AGRICULTURAL AREA AND NUMBER OF ORGANIC
FARMS FOR SELECTED REGIONS, 2005* ................................................... 23
THE MARKET FOR ORGANICALLY CULTIVATED FOODS ........... 23
FIGURE 1 REGIONAL MARKETS FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTS, 2009
(%) ....................................................................................................................... 24
MARKET PROJECTIONS FOR ORGANICALLY FARMED
PRODUCTS ....................................................................................... 25
TABLE 6 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE SALES OF ORGANIC
PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2014 ($ BILLIONS) ................................................ 25
MAJOR MARKETS FOR ORGANICALLY GROWN FOOD ............... 25
United States ............................................................................... 25
European Union ........................................................................... 26
Asia ............................................................................................... 26
Oceania......................................................................................... 27
CHAPTER FIVE: SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES ......................................................... 28
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES ................... 28
COST OF PROTECTING CROPS .................................................................... 29
TABLE 7 U.S. SYNTHETIC CROP PROTECTION COSTS ($/ACRE) ............. 29
SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE DEMAND .............................................................. 29
TABLE 8 GLOBAL MARKET FOR SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES USE,
THROUGH 2014 ($ BILLIONS) ....................................................................... 30
TABLE 9 GLOBAL SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES MARKET BY TYPE,
THROUGH 2014 ($ BILLIONS) ....................................................................... 31
FIGURE 2 SHARE OF GLOBAL SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE MARKET
BY TYPE, 2009 (%) ............................................................................................ 31
FIGURE 2 (CONTINUED) ..................................................................................... 32
REASONS FOR DECLINING USE OF SYNTHETIC
INSECTICIDES ................................................................................ 32
REASONS FOR INCREASING USE OF SYNTHETIC
HERBICIDES ................................................................................... 32
TABLE 10 SALES OF SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES BY LEADING
MANUFACTURERS, THROUGH 2009 ($ MILLIONS) .................................. 33
FIGURE 3 MARKET SHARE OF LEADING MANUFACTURES OF
SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES, 2008 (%) .............................................................. 34
FUTURE OF SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES ....................................................... 35
QUALITY AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS ................................... 35
PHASE OUT OF HIGHLY TOXIC PESTICIDES ................................ 35
TABLE 11 SELECTED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES TO BE PHASED
OUT IN THE EU BY 2015 ................................................................................. 36
REGULATIONS ..................................................................................... 37
EMERGING DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................... 37
CHAPTER SIX: GM CROPS ...................................................................................... 38
WHAT ARE GM CROPS AND WHY DO THEY MATTER? ........................... 38
ROUNDUP READY SEEDS ............................................................................. 38
PEST-RESISTANT CROPS WITH THE BT GENE ........................................ 39
ADVANTAGES OF GM CROPS ....................................................................... 39
DISADVANTAGES/CONTROVERSIES OF GM CROPS ............................... 39
SAFETY ISSUES ................................................................................... 40
ACCESS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ..................................... 40
ETHICS .................................................................................................. 40
ECOLOGICAL AND HEALTH ISSUES ............................................... 41
Gene Transfer .............................................................................. 41
Superweeds .................................................................................. 41
Practical Effects of Bt Toxin in Plants ....................................... 41
Genetic and Phenotypic Variability ............................................ 41
Expression of Genetic Material from Pathogens ........................ 42
COST OF SEEDS ................................................................................... 42
REGULATIONS OF GM CROPS ..................................................................... 42
UNITED STATES .................................................................................. 42
Approved Products ....................................................................... 42
Authority ...................................................................................... 43
Regulatory Actions ...................................................................... 43
EUROPE ................................................................................................. 43
Approved Products ....................................................................... 43
Authority ...................................................................................... 44
Regulatory Actions ...................................................................... 44
JAPAN .................................................................................................... 44
Approved Products ....................................................................... 44
Authority ...................................................................................... 44
Regulatory Actions ...................................................................... 44
CHINA .................................................................................................... 45
Regulatory Actions ...................................................................... 45
Approved Product ........................................................................ 45
Authority ...................................................................................... 45
INDIA ..................................................................................................... 46
Approved Products ....................................................................... 46
Authority ...................................................................................... 46
GM CROP MARKET ......................................................................................... 46
TABLE 12 GLOBAL GM CROP MARKET, THROUGH 2014 ($
MILLIONS) ........................................................................................................ 46
FIGURE 4 GLOBAL GM CROP MARKET, 2008–2014 ($ MILLIONS) .............. 47
GM CROP TRAITS ........................................................................................... 47
TABLE 13 MARKET SHARE OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS
BY THEIR TRAITS, 2008 ................................................................................. 47
IMPORTANT GM CROPS ..................................................................... 48
STATUS OF MAJOR GM CROPS ................................................................... 48
TABLE 14 MAJOR GM CROP CULTIVATION, 2008 (MILLION HA) .............. 48
FIGURE 5 PATTERNS OF MAJOR GM CROPS, 2008 (%) ................................ 49
STATUS OF GM CROPS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES ................................ 49
U.S........................................................................................................... 49
ARGENTINA .......................................................................................... 50
EUROPE ................................................................................................. 50
ASIA ........................................................................................................ 50
JAPAN .................................................................................................... 50
INDIA ..................................................................................................... 50
FOCUS OF GM CROP AREA ........................................................................... 51
TABLE 15 GLOBAL GM CROP PRODUCTION AREAS FOR SELECTED
COUNTRIES, 2008 (MILLION HA) ................................................................. 51
EMERGING TRENDS IN GM CROPS ............................................................ 51
VIRAL RESISTANT GM CROPS .......................................................... 51
TRAIT STACKING IN MODIFIED SEEDS ......................................... 52
GM CROPS AND BIOPESTICIDES ..................................................... 52
CHAPTER SEVEN: TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW ................................................... 53
CLASSIFICATION OF BIOPESTICIDES ....................................................... 53
BACTERIAL PESTICIDES ................................................................... 53
Measuring Bt Potency ................................................................. 54
FUNGAL INSECTICIDES .................................................................... 54
TABLE 16 COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT FUNGAL INSECT
PATHOGENS ..................................................................................................... 54
Beauveria Bassiana ..................................................................... 54
Trichoderma Spp. ........................................................................ 55
Entomophthora Spp. .................................................................... 55
VIRAL PESTICIDES ............................................................................. 55
NPVs ............................................................................................ 55
TABLE 17 SELECTED COMMERCIALIZED NPVS .......................................... 56
H. Armigera ................................................................................. 57
GV ................................................................................................. 57
TABLE 18 SELECTED COMMERCIALIZED GVS ............................................. 57
PREDATORS .......................................................................................... 57
Green Lacewings (Chrysopidae) ................................................. 58
Lady Beetles (Coccinellidae) ....................................................... 58
Minute Pirate Bugs (Anthocoridae) ........................................... 58
Syrphid Flies (Syrphidae) ........................................................... 59
OTHER BIOPESTICIDES ..................................................................... 59
Protozoa ........................................................................................ 59
Microsporidia Spp. ............................................................ 59
Entomopathogenic Nematodes .................................................... 60
Parasitoids ................................................................................... 60
Egg Parasitoids ................................................................. 61
Trichogramma (Trichogramma Spp.) ............................... 61
Larval/Pupal Parasitoids .................................................. 61
TABLE 19 SELECTED LISTING OF IMPORTANT PARASITOIDS ................ 61
TABLE 19 (CONTINUED) ...................................................................................... 62
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY ...................................................................... 62
TECHNICAL TERMS AND EXPLANATION ...................................... 62
MYCOPESTICIDE DEVELOPMENT ................................................... 62
Parameters of Mass Production .................................................. 63
Isolate Selection ................................................................ 63
Aeration ............................................................................. 63
Moisture ............................................................................ 63
Incubation Temperature ................................................... 64
Light Requirements .......................................................... 64
MASS PRODUCTION OF MICROBIAL PESTICIDES ....................... 64
Storage ......................................................................................... 64
Transportation ............................................................................. 64
FIGURE 6 GENERAL PRODUCTION PROCEDURE ........................................ 65
Safety and Hazards ..................................................................... 65
MICROBIAL PESTICIDE DEVELOPMENT ....................................... 66
RAW MATERIAL ................................................................................... 67
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION ....................................................................... 67
STEPS INVOLVED IN COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION ..................... 67
ORGANISM STORAGE ......................................................................... 68
FERMENTATION .................................................................................. 68
TABLE 20 COMPARISON OF SOLID-STATE AND SUBMERGED
FERMENTATION ............................................................................................. 69
Types of Fermenters .................................................................... 69
The Stirred-tank Fermenter ............................................. 69
The Tower Fermenter ....................................................... 70
The Loop Fermenter ......................................................... 70
PRODUCTION PROCESS: BT .............................................................. 70
Storage of Strain .......................................................................... 70
Cultivation Media ........................................................................ 70
Source of Carbon ............................................................... 70
Sources of Nitrogen ........................................................... 71
Revitalizing the Culture From Lyophilized State ...................... 71
Inoculant ...................................................................................... 71
Seed Fermenter ........................................................................... 71
Main Fermenter ........................................................................... 71
Harvesting of Active Biomass ..................................................... 72
Formulations of Bt ....................................................................... 72
PRODUCTION PROCESS: B. BASSIANA AND M.
ANISOPLIAE .................................................................................... 73
Preparing Seed Inoculants .......................................................... 73
Cultivation Process ...................................................................... 73
Formulation of B. Bassiana ......................................................... 73
PRODUCTION PROCESS: VIRAL INSECT PATHOGENS—
(NPV) ................................................................................................. 74
Mass Multiplication of NPV ........................................................ 74
PRODUCTION OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES ............. 75
Production of … (Continued) ....................................................... 76
CHAPTER EIGHT: GLOBAL BIOPESTICIDES MARKET ..................................... 77
BIOPESTICIDE MANUFACTURERS ............................................................. 77
AGRAQUEST ......................................................................................... 78
CERTIS ................................................................................................... 78
KOPPERT ............................................................................................... 78
MARRONE BIO INNOVATIONS ......................................................... 78
VALENT BIOSCIENCE ........................................................................ 79
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE BIOPESTICIDE MARKET ................ 79
BIOPESTICIDE DOSAGES .................................................................. 79
TABLE 21 RECOMMENDED DOSAGES OF BIOPESTICIDES FOR
VARIOUS CROPS ............................................................................................. 79
TABLE 21 (CONTINUED) ...................................................................................... 80
ORGANIC CULTIVATION AREA ........................................................ 80
TABLE 22 GLOBAL ORGANIC CULTIVATION AREAS BY CROP TYPE,
2008 (HA) ............................................................................................................ 81
FIGURE 7 SHARE OF GLOBAL ORGANIC CROP CULTIVATION, 2008
(%) ....................................................................................................................... 81
TABLE 23 GLOBAL ORGANIC CULTIVATION AREAS BY REGION,
2004 AND 2008 (MILLION HA) ........................................................................ 82
FIGURE 8 REGIONAL SHARE OF GLOBAL ORGANIC CULTIVATION
AREA, 2008 (%) .................................................................................................. 82
FIGURE 8 (CONTINUED) ..................................................................................... 83
GLOBAL MARKET SIZE ................................................................................. 83
TABLE 24 GLOBAL MARKET FOR BIOPESTICIDES, THROUGH 2014
($ BILLIONS) ..................................................................................................... 83
PRODUCTS AND FORMULATIONS .............................................................. 84
TABLE 25 GLOBAL MARKETS FOR MICROBIAL BIOPESTICIDES BY
FORMULATION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) ........................................ 84
TABLE 26 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PREDATORS USED AS
BIOPESTICIDES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) ...................................... 84
DEMAND BY TYPE OF CROP ........................................................................ 85
TABLE 27 GLOBAL DEMAND FOR BIOPESTICIDES BY TYPES OF
CROPS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) ....................................................... 85
FIGURE 9 SHARES OF GLOBAL DEMAND FOR BIOPESTICIDES BY
CROP TYPE, 2009 (%) ....................................................................................... 86
ORCHARD AND VEGETABLE CROP PROJECTIONS ................................ 86
TABLE 28 GLOBAL DEMAND FOR BIOPESTICIDES BY TYPE FOR
ORCHARDS, COMMERCIAL, AND CASH CROPS, THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS) .................................................................................................... 87
FIGURE 10 SHARES OF GLOBAL DEMAND FOR BIOPESTICIDES BY
TYPE FOR ORCHARDS, COMMERCIAL, AND CASH CROPS, 2009
(%) ....................................................................................................................... 87
FIGURE 10 (CONTINUED) ................................................................................... 88
GRAZING/DRY LAND ...................................................................................... 88
TABLE 29 GLOBAL DEMAND FOR BIOPESTICIDES BY TYPE FOR
GRAZING/DRY LAND, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) ............................. 88
FIGURE 11 GLOBAL DEMAND FOR BIOPESTICIDES BY TYPE FOR
GRAZING/DRY LAND, 2008–2014 ($ MILLIONS) ........................................ 89
FIELD CROP PROJECTIONS ......................................................................... 89
TABLE 30 GLOBAL DEMAND FOR BIOPESTICIDES BY TYPE FOR
FIELD CROPS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) ........................................... 90
FIGURE 12 SHARES OF GLOBAL DEMAND FOR BIOPESTICIDES BY
TYPE FOR FIELD CROPS, 2009 (%) ............................................................... 90
MARKET FOR BIOPESTICIDES BY TYPE ................................................... 91
TABLE 31 GLOBAL MARKET FOR BIOPESTICIDES BY TYPE,
THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) ....................................................................... 91
FIGURE 13 SHARE OF GLOBAL MARKET FOR BIOPESTICIDES BY
TYPE, 2009 (%) .................................................................................................. 91
FIGURE 13 (CONTINUED) ................................................................................... 92
TYPES OF BIOPESTICIDES AND THE GLOBAL MARKET ....................... 92
BACTERIAL BIOPESTICIDES ............................................................ 92
TABLE 32 GLOBAL MARKETS FOR BACTERIAL BIOPESTICIDES BY
TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) .......................................................... 92
TABLE 33 COMMERCIAL BACTERIAL BIOPESTICIDES ............................... 93
TABLE 33 (CONTINUED) ...................................................................................... 94
FUNGAL BIOPESTICIDES .................................................................. 94
TABLE 34 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FUNGAL BIOPESTICIDES BY
TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) ........................................................... 95
TABLE 35 SELECTED COMMERCIAL FUNGAL BIOPESTICIDES ............... 95
TABLE 35 (CONTINUED) ...................................................................................... 96
VIRAL BIOPESTICIDES ....................................................................... 96
TABLE 36 GLOBAL MARKET FOR VIRAL BIOPESTICIDES BY TYPE,
THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) ....................................................................... 96
TABLE 37 SELECTED COMMERCIAL VIRAL BIOPESTICIDES ................... 97
PREDATOR BIOPESTICIDES .............................................................. 97
TABLE 38 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PREDATOR BIOPESTICIDES BY
TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) ........................................................... 97
OTHER PREDATOR BIOPESTICIDES ............................................... 98
TABLE 39 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER PREDATOR
BIOPESTICIDES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) ..................... 98
TABLE 40 SELECTED COMMERCIAL NEMATODES AS
BIOPESTICIDES ............................................................................................... 99
BIOPESTICIDES BY TYPE AND TYPE OF CROP ....................................... 99
TABLE 41 PROJECTIONS FOR GLOBAL MARKET FOR
BIOPESTICIDES BY TYPE AND BY TYPE OF CROP, THROUGH
2014 ($ MILLIONS) ........................................................................................... 99
TABLE 41 (CONTINUED) .................................................................................... 100
MARKET FOR BIOPESTICIDES BY REGION ............................................ 100
TABLE 42 GLOBAL MARKET FOR BIOPESTICIDES BY REGION,
THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) ..................................................................... 100
FIGURE 14 REGIONAL SHARE OF GLOBAL MARKET FOR
BIOPESTICIDES, 2009 (%) ............................................................................ 101
AMERICAS ........................................................................................... 102
AUSTRALIA ......................................................................................... 102
EUROPE ............................................................................................... 102
ASIA ...................................................................................................... 102
Asia (Continued) ........................................................................ 103
CHAPTER NINE: REGULATIONS ......................................................................... 104
IMPORTANT BIOPESTICIDES CONTROL AND PROMOTIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS .................................................................................... 104
WHO ................................................................................................................ 104
U.S. EPA .......................................................................................................... 105
EPA’S GRANT FOR BIOPESTICIDES DEMONSTRATION
PROJECTS AND THE IR-4 ........................................................... 105
TABLE 43 EPA’S SAFETY SIGNAL WORDS FOR PESTICIDES ................... 105
TABLE 44 ACTIVE INGREDIENTS EXEMPTED UNDER 25(B) OF THE
FEDERAL INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE AND RODENTICIDE ACT ......... 106
UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUGS ACT (USFDA) ............................... 107
USDA ............................................................................................................... 107
EUROPEAN UNION (EU) ............................................................................. 107
AUSTRALIAN PESTICIDES AND VETERINARY MEDICINES
AUTHORITY (APVMA) ............................................................................. 108
CENTRAL INSECTICIDE BOARD AND MINISTRY OF
AGRICULTURE, INDIA ........................................................................... 108
PESTICIDE ORDINANCE, CHINA .............................................................. 109
REGULATIONS AND CERTIFICATIONS THAT AFFECT ORGANIC
FARMING .................................................................................................. 109
USDA ORGANIC STANDARDS (NOP REGULATION) .................... 109
USDA Seal ................................................................................. 110
Conversion ................................................................................. 110
EU REGULATION ............................................................................... 110
JAS ........................................................................................................ 110
EN 45011/ISO/IEC GUIDE 65 ............................................................. 111
CHAPTER TEN: PATENTS ..................................................................................... 112
TABLE 45 U.S. PATENTS ACQUIRED BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN THE
BIOPESTICIDE MARKET* ............................................................................ 112
BIOPESTICIDE PATENTS ............................................................................ 113
BACTERIAL PESTCIDES ................................................................... 113
BT CryET29 Compositions Toxic to Coleopteran Insects
and Ctenocephalides Spp. .................................................... 113
Abstract ........................................................................... 113
Recombinant Organisms Producing Insect Toxins and
Methods for Constructing Same .......................................... 114
Abstract ........................................................................... 114
DNA Encoding Insecticidal Cry9Fa Bacillus
Thuringiensis Proteins and Recombinant Hosts
Expressing Same .................................................................. 114
Abstract ........................................................................... 114
Bacillus Thuringiensis Strains and Their Insecticidal
Proteins ................................................................................. 115
Abstract ........................................................................... 115
Plants transformed with Polynucleotides Encoding Broad-
Spectrum Delta-Endotoxins ................................................. 115
Abstract ........................................................................... 115
Nucleic Acids Encoding a Novel Cry2Ae Bacillus
Thuringiensis Insecticidal Protein ...................................... 116
Abstract ........................................................................... 116
Insecticidal Proteins Derived from Bacillus Thuringiensis ..... 116
Abstract ........................................................................... 116
Nucleic Acid Molecules Encoding Novel Bacillus
Thuringiensis Cry2Ae Insecticidal Proteins, Plant
Cells, Plant or Seeds Comprising the Nucleic Acid
Molecules and Methods of Using Same ............................... 116
Abstract ........................................................................... 116
Insect Inhibitory Bacillus Thuringiensis Proteins,
Fusions, and Methods of Use ............................................... 117
Abstract ........................................................................... 117
DNA Encoding Insecticidal Cry1Bf Bacillus Thuringiensis
Proteins and Recombinant Hosts Expressing Same ........... 117
Abstract ........................................................................... 117
Transgenic Plants Expressing Insecticidal Proteins and
Methods of Producing the Same .......................................... 118
Abstract ........................................................................... 118
Nucleic Acids Encoding Coleopteran-Toxic Polypeptides
and Insect-Resistant Transgenic Plants Comprising
Them ..................................................................................... 118
Abstract ........................................................................... 118
Polynucleotide Compositions Encoding Broad Spectrum
Delta-Endotoxins .................................................................. 118
Abstract ........................................................................... 119
PEPTIDES ............................................................................................ 119
Plant Peptide with Antimicrobial Activity ............................... 119
Abstract ........................................................................... 119
Polynucleotide Encoding Coleopteran-Toxic Polypeptide ........ 119
Abstract ........................................................................... 119
VIRAL ................................................................................................... 120
Solenopsis Invicta Viruses ........................................................ 120
Abstract ........................................................................... 120
BIOPESTICIDE COMPOUNDS .......................................................... 120
Synergistic Fermented Plant Growth Promoting, Bio-
Control Composition ............................................................. 120
Abstract ........................................................................... 120
Biopesticide Compositions ......................................................... 121
Abstract ........................................................................... 121
Mint Plant Mentha Spicata L. Var. Viridis Christened as
“Ganga” ................................................................................. 121
Abstract ........................................................................... 121
FUNGAL PESTICIDES ....................................................................... 121
Control of Weed with Fungal Pathogen .................................... 121
Abstract ........................................................................... 122
Mycoattractants and Mycopesticides ........................................ 122
Abstract ........................................................................... 122
BIOPESTICIDE PATENT APPLICATIONS ...................................... 122
Propionic Acid as a Herbicide ................................................... 122
Abstract ........................................................................... 123
Natural Herbicide Containing Lemongrass Essential Oil ....... 123
Abstract ........................................................................... 123
Hinokitiol as a Plant Pesticide .................................................. 123
Abstract ........................................................................... 123
Pesticidal Formulation Containing Oxymatrine or
Matrine ................................................................................. 124
Abstract ........................................................................... 124
Extracts Derived from Chenopodium Plants and Uses ........... 124
Abstract ........................................................................... 124
Formic Acid as Herbicide .......................................................... 125
Abstract ........................................................................... 125
CHAPTER ELEVEN: EMERGING TRENDS ......................................................... 126
DEMAND DRIVERS ....................................................................................... 126
FACTORS FAVORING BIOPESTICIDES .......................................... 127
Residue Issue ............................................................................. 127
Pest Resistance Issue ................................................................ 127
Organic Agriculture ................................................................... 127
IPM Concept .............................................................................. 127
Regulations ................................................................................ 128
Technological Improvement ...................................................... 128
Crop Loss Prevention ................................................................ 128
Cost Advantage for Registration and Development ................. 129
Newer Crops for Biopesticides .................................................. 129
Turf and Golf Grass ........................................................ 129
Field Crops ...................................................................... 129
Forests/Trees ................................................................... 129
Other Factors ............................................................................. 130
FACTORS THAT ARE NEGATIVELY INFLUENCING THE
GROWTH OF BIOPESTICIDES .................................................... 130
A Fragmented Industry ............................................................. 130
Perceived High Production Costs and Difficulties in
Formulation and Registration ............................................. 130
Lack of Commercial Awareness on the Part of
Manufacturers ...................................................................... 131
PRICING TRENDS ......................................................................................... 131
HERBICIDES .................................................................................................. 131
INSECTICIDES .............................................................................................. 132
FUNGICIDES ................................................................................................. 132
PREDATORS .................................................................................................. 132
CHAPTER TWELVE: COMPANY DIRECTORY .................................................... 133
AG BIOCHEM, INC. ....................................................................................... 133
PRODUCTS .......................................................................................... 133
Galltrol ....................................................................................... 133
Gallex ......................................................................................... 133
Target Pest and Mode of Action ..................................... 134
AG BIOTECH AUSTRALIA PTY, LTD. ........................................................ 134
PRODUCTS .......................................................................................... 134
AGRAQUEST, INC. ........................................................................................ 135
PRODUCTS .......................................................................................... 135
Serenade ..................................................................................... 135
Rhapsody .................................................................................... 136
Sonata ........................................................................................ 136
Ballad Plus ................................................................................. 137
Baritone ...................................................................................... 137
Requiem ..................................................................................... 137
AJAY BIO-TECH, LTD. (INDIA) ................................................................... 137
PRODUCTS .......................................................................................... 138
Agroneem ................................................................................... 138
Biofit ........................................................................................... 138
Heliokill and Spondopterin ....................................................... 138
AMIT BIOTECH ............................................................................................. 138
ARBICO ORGANICS ...................................................................................... 139
BIOLOGIC CO. ............................................................................................... 139
BIOWORKS, INC. ........................................................................................... 140
PRODUCTS .......................................................................................... 140
BotaniGard ................................................................................ 140
RootShield .................................................................................. 140
MilStop ....................................................................................... 140
Cease .......................................................................................... 141
SuffOil-X .................................................................................... 141
BONIDE PRODUCTS ..................................................................................... 141
CERTIS USA ................................................................................................... 141
PRODUCTS .......................................................................................... 142
Agree WG ................................................................................... 142
Crymax WDG ............................................................................. 142
Deliver and Javelin WG ............................................................ 143
CYD-X ........................................................................................ 143
Gemstar ...................................................................................... 143
Spod-X-LC .................................................................................. 143
DOW AGROSCIENCES ................................................................................. 144
EMERALD BIOAGRICULTURE CORP. ....................................................... 144
GROWTH PRODUCTS, LTD. ........................................................................ 144
PRODUCTS .......................................................................................... 145
Nitro-30 SRN ............................................................................. 145
Essential Plus ............................................................................ 145
TKO Phosphite .......................................................................... 145
Companion Biological Fungicide ............................................... 145
HERCON ENVIRONMENTAL ...................................................................... 145
PRODUCTS .......................................................................................... 146
INDORE BIOTECH ........................................................................................ 146
KOPPERT BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ............................................................ 146
PRODUCTS .......................................................................................... 147
Predators .................................................................................... 147
Fungal Products ......................................................................... 147
Enzicur ............................................................................ 147
Trianum-G and Trianum-P ............................................ 147
MARRONE BIO INNOVATIONS .................................................................. 147
PRODUCTS .......................................................................................... 148
Regalia SC .................................................................................. 148
GreenMatch ............................................................................... 148
Zequanox .................................................................................... 149
MYCOGEN SEEDS ........................................................................................ 149
NATURAL INDUSTRIES, INC. ..................................................................... 149
PRODUCTS .......................................................................................... 149
Actinovate AG and Actinovate SP ............................................ 149
Actino-Iron ................................................................................. 150
Stasis .......................................................................................... 150
DeThatch-9 ................................................................................ 150
RINCON-VITOVA INSECTARIES ................................................................ 150
RUSSELL IPM ................................................................................................ 151
SOIL TECHNOLOGIES CORP. ..................................................................... 151
PRODUCTS .......................................................................................... 151
Armorex ...................................................................................... 151
Fungastop .................................................................................. 151
Insectastop ................................................................................. 152
Permatrol ................................................................................... 152
Phydura ...................................................................................... 152
T. STANES & CO. ........................................................................................... 152
PRODUCTS .......................................................................................... 153
Nimbecidine ............................................................................... 153
Bio-Power ................................................................................... 153
Bio-Catch .................................................................................... 153
Bio-Magic ................................................................................... 153
Priority ....................................................................................... 153
Bio-Nematon .............................................................................. 154
TROY BIOSCIENCES, INC. .......................................................................... 154
PRODUCTS .......................................................................................... 154
Naturalis L ................................................................................. 154
Stirrup M ................................................................................... 154
Konsume .................................................................................... 154
VALENT BIOSCIENCES CORP. ................................................................... 155
PRODUCTS .......................................................................................... 155
DiPel ........................................................................................... 155
XenTari ...................................................................................... 156
Biobit .......................................................................................... 156
Novodor ...................................................................................... 156
VectoBac ..................................................................................... 156
VectoLex ..................................................................................... 156
Teknar ........................................................................................ 157
Foray .......................................................................................... 157
DiTera ........................................................................................ 157
VERDERA OY ................................................................................................. 157
PRODUCTS .......................................................................................... 158
Mycostop .................................................................................... 158
Greenstim .................................................................................. 158
WESTBRIDGE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ........................................... 158
APPENDIX TECHNICAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS ....................................... 159
TECHNICAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS ................................................. 159
TECHNICAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS (CONTINUED) ............ 160